{"id":2590,"date":"2023-10-26T13:17:27","date_gmt":"2023-10-26T10:17:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atateknikhirdavat.net\/ata1026\/2023\/10\/26\/6-metaller-ve-alasimlar-sozlugu\/"},"modified":"2023-12-05T20:59:37","modified_gmt":"2023-12-05T17:59:37","slug":"6-metaller-ve-alasimlar-sozlugu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atateknikhirdavat.net\/ata1026\/blog\/6-metaller-ve-alasimlar-sozlugu\/","title":{"rendered":"6- Metaller ve Ala\u015f\u0131mlar S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ya\u015flanma: <\/strong>S\u0131cak i\u015flem veya \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flemden (demirli ala\u015f\u0131mlarda su verme ya\u015fland\u0131rmas\u0131, demir ve demir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlarda do\u011fal veya yapay ya\u015fland\u0131rma) sonra ortam veya orta derecede y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda veya so\u011fuk i\u015flemden sonra (gerilme ya\u015flanmas\u0131) metal ve ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinde meydana gelen belirli bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik. \u00d6zelliklerdeki de\u011fi\u015fiklik her zaman olmasa da s\u0131kl\u0131kla bir faz de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden (\u00e7\u00f6kelme) kaynaklan\u0131r, ancak hi\u00e7bir zaman metal veya ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n kimyasal bile\u015fiminde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik i\u00e7ermez.<\/p>\n

AI2 03r al\u00fcminyum oksit<\/strong>: Ta\u015flama aletleri i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 malzeme, AI2 03r ayr\u0131ca seramiklerin temelidir ve tak\u0131mlar\u0131 kaplamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ala\u015f\u0131m: <\/strong>Metalik \u00f6zelliklere sahip ve en az biri metal olan iki veya daha fazla kimyasal elementten olu\u015fan bir madde.<\/p>\n

Ala\u015f\u0131m elementi:<\/strong> Metalin \u00f6zelliklerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in metale eklenen element.<\/p>\n

Alfa demir: <\/strong>Saf demirin v\u00fccut merkezli k\u00fcbik formu, 910 santigrat derece’nin alt\u0131nda stabildir.<\/p>\n

Al\u00fcminyum kaplama: <\/strong>S\u0131cak dald\u0131rma, s\u0131cak p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme veya dif\u00fczyon yoluyla bir metal \u00fczerinde al\u00fcminyum veya al\u00fcminyum ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 kaplaman\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amorf: <\/strong>Kristal yap\u0131ya sahip olmayan; kristal olmayan.<\/p>\n

Atmosferik korozyon: <\/strong>Oksijen, karbon dioksit, su buhar\u0131, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve klor bile\u015fikleri gibi atmosferde bulunan maddelerle temas yoluyla bir malzemenin kademeli olarak bozulmas\u0131 veya de\u011fi\u015fmesi.
\n
\nOstenit: <\/strong>Karbon \u00e7eli\u011fi 735 santigrat derecenin \u00fczerinde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve \u00e7elik i\u00e7indeki demir-karb\u00fcr bile\u015fikleri \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olu\u015fan bir malzeme i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan metalurjik bir terim. Karbon \u00e7eli\u011finin bu noktada so\u011futulmas\u0131, ostenitin yerini a\u00e7\u0131sal molek\u00fcler yap\u0131ya ve y\u00fcksek sertli\u011fe sahip martensit ile de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n


\nBeynit: <\/strong>Perlit aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u00f6stenitin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnden kaynaklanan yar\u0131 kararl\u0131 bir ferrit ve sementit toplulu\u011fu. Beynit d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda olu\u015fmu\u015fsa g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc t\u00fcyl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Alt k\u0131s\u0131mda olu\u015fmu\u015fsa, asik\u00fcler, temperlenmi\u015f martenzite benzer.
\n
\nSiyah oksit: <\/strong>Metalin s\u0131cak oksitleyici tuzlara veya tuz \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerine dald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00fcretilen ve metalin y\u00fczeyini kaplayan siyah katman.
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\nKarb\u00fcr: <\/strong>Karbon ve bir veya daha fazla metalik elementten olu\u015fan bile\u015fik. Kesici tak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in tungsten karb\u00fcr veya bunlar\u0131n bir kobalt veya nikel matris i\u00e7indeki bir kombinasyonu sertlik, a\u015f\u0131nma direnci ve \u0131s\u0131 direnci sa\u011flar. Karb\u00fcre eklenen di\u011fer elementler aras\u0131nda vanadyum, niyobyum, silikon, bor ve hafniyum bulunur.
\n
\nKarbon \u00e7eli\u011fi: <\/strong>De\u011fi\u015fken miktarlarda karbonla birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7elik. Herhangi bir ala\u015f\u0131m elementi i\u00e7in (genel olarak kabul edilen manganez, silikon ve bak\u0131r miktarlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) belirli bir minimum miktar\u0131 yoktur ve karbon, silikon, manganez, bak\u0131r, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve fosfor d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir elementin yaln\u0131zca tesad\u00fcfi miktar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6kme ala\u015f\u0131m:<\/strong> Erimi\u015f halden ala\u015f\u0131m d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc. \u00c7o\u011fu y\u00fcksek h\u0131z \u00e7eli\u011fi bir elektrik ark oca\u011f\u0131nda eritilir ve k\u00fcl\u00e7elere d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6kme demir:<\/strong> \u00d6tektik s\u0131cakl\u0131kta karbon i\u00e7eri\u011finin, karbonun ostenit i\u00e7indeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f bir d\u00f6kme demir ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ailesi i\u00e7in genel bir terimdir. \u00c7o\u011fu d\u00f6kme demir, en az %2 karbon art\u0131 silikon ve k\u00fck\u00fcrt i\u00e7erir veya di\u011fer ala\u015f\u0131m elementlerini de i\u00e7erebilir. Gri d\u00f6kme demir, beyaz d\u00f6kme demir, d\u00f6v\u00fclebilir d\u00f6kme demir ve sfero d\u00f6kme demir gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6kme demir formlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in \u201cd\u00f6kme\u201d kelimesi genellikle kullan\u0131lmayabilir.<\/p>\n

Seramik:<\/strong> \u0130stenen forma sinterlenmi\u015f, ince toz haline getirilmi\u015f al\u00fcminyum oksitten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Seramikler karb\u00fcrlerden daha y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar, ayr\u0131ca daha uzun s\u00fcrede a\u015f\u0131n\u0131rlar. Daha p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz y\u00fczeyler sa\u011flarlar ve daha sert malzemeleri i\u015fleyebilirler. Bununla birlikte, daha az darbeye dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Genellikle y\u00fcksek h\u0131zl\u0131 tornalama i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sementit:<\/strong> Fe3C, Demir Karb\u00fcr olarak da bilinir. Karbon elementi de i\u00e7eren demir, h\u0131zl\u0131 so\u011futuldu\u011funda, karbon kristalle\u015fmek i\u00e7in yeterli zaman bulamaz ve sonu\u00e7ta sementit ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fur. Tercihen oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde ve yeniden kristalle\u015fme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Ticari kalite tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fi:<\/strong> D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dereceli tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fi, sertle\u015febilirlik i\u00e7in kontrol edilmez.<\/p>\n

Kompozitler: <\/strong>Uyumlu bir ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bir arada tuttu\u011fu, birbiri i\u00e7inde g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olan farkl\u0131 elementlerden olu\u015fan malzemelerdir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcrekli d\u00f6k\u00fcm:<\/strong> Bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u015feklinin kat\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a kal\u0131b\u0131n alt\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7ekildi\u011fi, b\u00f6ylece uzunlu\u011funun kal\u0131p boyutlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmedi\u011fi bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm tekni\u011fidir. Esas olarak k\u00fct\u00fck, blum, k\u00fcl\u00e7e, levha ve boru gibi yar\u0131 mamul imalat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Korozyon: <\/strong>Metaller ve \u00e7evreleri aras\u0131nda meydana gelen kimyasal ve elektrokimyasal reaksiyonlar sonucu, metalin deforme olmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zelli\u011fini yitirmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Korozyon yorgunlu\u011fu:<\/strong> Metallerin a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir ortamda ve belirli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 stresler nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zay\u0131flama durumudur. Genellikle bu durumun sonucu olarak metal k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Korozyon direnci:<\/strong> Bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n veya malzemenin pas ve korozyona dayanma yetene\u011fi. Paslanmaz \u00e7elik gibi baz\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlarda nikel ve krom taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen \u00f6zelliklerdir.<\/p>\n

Kesici alet malzemeleri:<\/strong> D\u00f6kme kobalt bazl\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, seramikleri, karbonlanm\u0131\u015f karb\u00fcrleri, k\u00fcbik bor nitr\u00fcr\u00fc, elmaslar\u0131, y\u00fcksek h\u0131z \u00e7eliklerini ve karbon \u00e7eliklerini i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Elmas:<\/strong> Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda \u00fcretilen karbonun k\u00fcbik kristal formu. En sert do\u011fal maddedir ve karb\u00fcr\u00fcn girinti sertli\u011finin yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f kat\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sertli\u011fi, onu k\u0131r\u0131lmaya kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131 hale getirir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6k\u00fcm:<\/strong> 1. Bir kal\u0131pta yap\u0131lan d\u00f6k\u00fcm. 2. Erimi\u015f metalin y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda bir metal kal\u0131b\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funa itildi\u011fi bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi.<\/p>\n

Dif\u00fczyon:<\/strong> 1. Bir gaz, s\u0131v\u0131 veya kat\u0131 i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131 bir maddenin t\u00fcm par\u00e7alar\u0131n bile\u015fimini tek tip hale getirme e\u011filiminde yay\u0131lmas\u0131. 2. Atomlar\u0131n veya molek\u00fcllerin bir malzeme i\u00e7indeki yeni yerlere kendili\u011finden hareketi.<\/p>\n

Esnek d\u00f6kme demir:<\/strong> D\u00f6kme metale \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir bir esneklik derecesi kazand\u0131ran, nod\u00fcller veya k\u00fcreler halinde serbest grafit olu\u015fumunu ind\u00fcklemek i\u00e7in magnezyum veya seryum gibi bir element ile erimi\u015f halde i\u015flem g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bir d\u00f6kme demirdir. Sfero d\u00f6kme demir, k\u00fcremsi grafitli d\u00f6kme demir veya yumu\u015fak demir olarak da bilinir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcneklik:<\/strong> Bir malzemenin y\u0131rt\u0131lmadan b\u00fck\u00fclme, \u015fekil alma veya gerilme yetene\u011fi. Bir \u00e7ekme testinde veya ba\u015fka yollarla alan\u0131n uzamas\u0131 veya azalmas\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Elastik limit:<\/strong> Bir malzemenin deforme olmadan dayanabilece\u011fi maksimum gerilim.<\/p>\n

Esneklik:<\/strong> Bir malzemenin gerilim alt\u0131nda deforme olma ve gerilimin serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra orijinal \u015feklini ve boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 geri kazanma \u00f6zelli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

Uzama:<\/strong> \u00c7ekme testinde, mastar uzunlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde numunenin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen mastar uzunlu\u011fundaki art\u0131\u015f, genellikle orijinal mastar uzunlu\u011funun y\u00fczdesi olarak ifade edilir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131lganla\u015fma:<\/strong> Fiziksel veya kimyasal bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik nedeniyle bir metalin normal esnekli\u011finde azalma olmas\u0131 durumu. \u00d6rnekler aras\u0131nda so\u011fuk k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k, hidrojen k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve temper k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Dayan\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131:<\/strong> Sonsuz say\u0131da gerilim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131nda bir malzemenin dayanabilece\u011fi muhtemel maksimum gerilim.<\/p>\n

Ekstr\u00fczyon:<\/strong> Metalin bir kal\u0131p veya delikten plastik olarak akmaya zorlanmas\u0131yla bir k\u00fcl\u00e7e veya k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn e\u015fit kesitli uzunluklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi.<\/p>\n

Yorulma:<\/strong> Malzemenin \u00e7ekme mukavemetinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir maksimum de\u011fere sahip tekrarlanan veya dalgalanan gerilmeler alt\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olan fenomen. Yorulma k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131, dalgal\u0131 stresin etkisi alt\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7atlaklar olarak ba\u015flayarak ilerlerler.<\/p>\n

Yorulma \u00f6mr\u00fc:<\/strong> Belirtilen bir test ko\u015fulu alt\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131ktan \u00f6nce s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilen stres \u00e7evrimlerinin say\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yorulma direnci:<\/strong> Bir aletin veya bile\u015fenin \u00e7atlama olmadan tekrar tekrar esnetilebilmesi; \u015ferit testere deste\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Yorulma mukavemeti: <\/strong>Aksi belirtilmedik\u00e7e stresin her d\u00f6ng\u00fcde tamamen tersine \u00e7evrilerek uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131lma ve deformasyon gibi sonu\u00e7lar olu\u015fmadan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilen maksimum gerilim.<\/p>\n

Ferrit<\/strong>: G\u00f6vde merkezli k\u00fcbik demirde bir veya daha fazla elementin kat\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi. Aksi belirtilmedik\u00e7e (\u00f6rne\u011fin, krom ferrit olarak), \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddenin genellikle karbon oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 denge diyagramlar\u0131nda, bir \u00f6stenit alan\u0131yla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki ferrit b\u00f6lgesi vard\u0131r. Alt alan alfa ferrit, \u00fcst ise delta ferrit olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Tan\u0131mlama yoksa, alfa ferrit varsay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131lma gerilmesi:<\/strong> 1. K\u0131r\u0131lmadaki maksimum as\u0131l kuvvet. Genellikle \u00e7entiksiz \u00e7ekme numunelerini ifade eder. 2. Varsay\u0131m olarak, herhangi bir gerinimde daha fazla deformasyon olmaks\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmaya neden olacak ger\u00e7ek kuvvet.<\/p>\n

Serbest i\u015fleme \u00e7elikleri:<\/strong> \u0130\u015flenebilirli\u011fi art\u0131ran kur\u015fun, k\u00fck\u00fcrt veya di\u011fer elementleri i\u00e7eren karbon ve ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elikler.<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7a Kalkmas\u0131<\/strong>: Y\u00fcksek noktalar aras\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmenin, iki e\u015fle\u015fen par\u00e7an\u0131n birinin veya her ikisinin s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme y\u00fczeylerinin de m\u00fcteakip par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve daha fazla p\u00fcr\u00fczlenmesi nedeniyle lokalize kaynakla sonu\u00e7lanan bir durum.<\/p>\n

Gri d\u00f6kme demir: <\/strong>\u0130\u00e7erdi\u011fi karbonun serbest grafit yapraklar halinde bulundu\u011fu, k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman gri g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc bir y\u00fczeye sahip d\u00f6kme demirdir. Gri demir olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sert Krom:<\/strong> Krom, dekoratif bir kaplamadan ziyade m\u00fchendislik ama\u00e7lar\u0131yla (kayan metal y\u00fczeylerin a\u015f\u0131nma direncini art\u0131rmak gibi) elektrobirikim y\u00f6ntemiyle sertle\u015ftirilir. Genellikle do\u011frudan ana metale uygulan\u0131r ve dekoratif bir dolgudan geleneksel olarak daha kal\u0131nd\u0131r, ancak daha sert olmas\u0131 gerekmez.<\/p>\n<\/div>

Metalin Mekanik \u00d6zellikleri Nelerdir?<\/span><\/a><\/div>

Sertle\u015febilirlik:<\/strong> Bir demir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fcst kritik s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerindeki bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta so\u011futuldu\u011funda martensit olu\u015fturma yetene\u011fi. Sertle\u015febilirlik genellikle metalin mikro yap\u0131da belirli bir sertlik (\u00f6rne\u011fin Rc 50) veya belirli bir martenzit y\u00fczdesi sergiledi\u011fi, so\u011futulmu\u015f bir y\u00fczeyin alt\u0131ndaki mesafe olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sertlik:<\/strong> Metalin genellikle girinti ile plastik deformasyona direnci. Bununla birlikte, terim ayr\u0131ca sertlik, temper, \u00e7izilme, a\u015f\u0131nma veya kesilmeye kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 anlam\u0131na da gelebilir. Girinti sertli\u011fi Brinell, Rockwell ve Vickers gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli sertlik testleri ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

S\u0131cak i\u015fleme:<\/strong> Bir metalin, yeniden kristalle\u015fme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve deformasyonla ayn\u0131 anda yeniden kristalle\u015fmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi, b\u00f6ylece herhangi bir gerinim sertle\u015fmesinin \u00f6nlenece\u011fi bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve gerinim h\u0131z\u0131nda plastikle\u015ftirme i\u015flemidir.<\/p>\n

HSS, y\u00fcksek h\u0131z \u00e7eli\u011fi:<\/strong> Tungsten ve molibden ile ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fi. Bir HSS tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kesme kenarlar\u0131 karbon \u00e7eli\u011fini yumu\u015fatan s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda yumu\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in karbon \u00e7elik tak\u0131mlardan daha y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlarda ve beslemelerde kesmeye izin verir.<\/p>\n

\u0130nd\u00fcksiyonla sertle\u015ftirme:<\/strong> Uygun bir metal par\u00e7an\u0131n, yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczey tabakas\u0131n\u0131n elektromanyetik ind\u00fcksiyonla \u00fcst kritik s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hemen s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir y\u00fczey sertle\u015ftirme i\u015flemi.<\/p>\n

\u0130nhibit\u00f6r:<\/strong> Ortamda bulundu\u011funda, ortam\u0131n bile\u015fenleri ile \u00f6nemli bir reaksiyona girmeden korozyonu \u00f6nleyen veya azaltan kimyasal madde veya maddeler kombinasyonu.<\/p>\n

Hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcm:<\/strong> 1. \u00dcretilecek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn negatifi olarak \u00fcretilmi\u015f ve ate\u015fe dayan\u0131kl\u0131 malzeme ile kaplanm\u0131\u015f kal\u0131b\u0131n i\u00e7erisine eriyik metal d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi i\u015flemidir. Daha sonra mum, plastik veya donmu\u015f c\u0131va deseni, \u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. 2. Hassas d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemi ile yap\u0131lan par\u00e7a.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7elik: <\/strong>Oksijen i\u00e7eri\u011fini azaltmak i\u00e7in silikon veya al\u00fcminyum gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir oksijen giderici ajanla i\u015flemden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f \u00e7elik, b\u00f6ylece kat\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda karbon ve oksijen aras\u0131nda reaksiyon olu\u015fmaz.<\/p>\n

Knoop sertli\u011fi: <\/strong>\u00c7ok ince malzemeler ve kaplamal\u0131 y\u00fczeyler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan sertlik derecesi.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015flenebilirlik, i\u015flenebilirlik derecesi<\/strong>: \u0130\u015flenecek i\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131 i\u00e7in bir tak\u0131m\u0131n kabul edilebilirli\u011fini belirler. \u0130\u015f par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n sertli\u011fini, kimyasal bile\u015fimini ve niteliklerini, mikro yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, sertle\u015fme e\u011filimini, elastikiyetini ve so\u011fuk i\u015flenme e\u011filimini g\u00f6sterir. Genel olarak, bir malzeme ne kadar sert olursa, i\u015flenebilirlik derecesi de o kadar y\u00fcksek olur. Bir malzemenin i\u015flenebilirli\u011fi ayn\u0131 zamanda makinenin tipi ve ya\u015f\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fc, malzemenin esnemezlik \u00f6zellikleri ve kullan\u0131lan kesici tak\u0131ma g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6v\u00fclebilir d\u00f6kme demir:<\/strong> Sementitin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 veya tamam\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in dekarb\u00fcrizasyon veya grafitle\u015ftirme veya her ikisinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 beyaz d\u00f6kme demirin uzun s\u00fcreli tavlanmas\u0131yla yap\u0131lan bir d\u00f6kme demirdir. Grafit, temper karbon formundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Martenzit:<\/strong> Ana ve \u00fcr\u00fcn fazlar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir kristalografik ili\u015fkiye sahip oldu\u011fu, dif\u00fczyonsuz faz d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ile olu\u015fturulan mikro yap\u0131lar i\u00e7in genel bir terim. Martenzit hem demirli hem de demirsiz ala\u015f\u0131mlarda mikro yap\u0131da sivri bir desenle karakterize edilir. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnen atomlar\u0131n martenzitik kafeste (demirdeki karbon gibi) ara yer konumlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti\u011fi ala\u015f\u0131mlarda, yap\u0131 sert ve olduk\u00e7a gergindir, fakat \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen atomlar\u0131n ikame pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etti\u011fi yerlerde (demirdeki nikel gibi), martenzit yumu\u015fak ve esnektir. So\u011futmada martenzite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k faz\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, elde edilen en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bs\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn esasen tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mekanik \u00f6zellikler:<\/strong> Kuvvet uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elastik ve elastik olmayan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan, b\u00f6ylece mekanik uygulamalar i\u00e7in uygunlu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir malzemenin \u00f6zellikleri. \u00d6rne\u011fin, plastikle\u015fme mod\u00fcl\u00fc, gerilme mukavemeti, uzama, sertlik ve yorulma s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131. Fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Mikrosertlik:<\/strong> \u00c7ok hafif y\u00fck alt\u0131nda bir malzemenin sertli\u011fini Vickers veya Knoop girintisi gibi bir girintiyi malzemenin y\u00fczeyine zorlayarak belirleme i\u015flemi. Genellikle girintiler o kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, bir mikroskopla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmeleri gerekir. Bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131 mikro bile\u015fenlerin sertli\u011fini belirleyebilme veya sertle\u015ftirmede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lanlar gibi dik sertlik gradyanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ebilme.<\/p>\n

Mikroyap\u0131:<\/strong> Parlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir numunenin kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyinin mikroskobik incelemesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir metalin yap\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik:<\/strong> Maksimum %0,25 oranda karbon i\u00e7eren karbon \u00e7eli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

Oksidasyon:<\/strong> 1. Elektron kayb\u0131ndan kaynaklanan de\u011ferlik art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir reaksiyon. Azaltma ile kontrast. 2. A\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f metalin oksit olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir korozyon reaksiyonu, genellikle hava gibi elemental oksijen i\u00e7eren bir gazla reaksiyona uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6vme:<\/strong> Bir metalin \u00e7eki\u00e7 darbeleri veya pres ile mekanik olarak i\u015flenmesi.<\/p>\n

Perlit: <\/strong>Baz\u0131 karbon \u00e7eliklerinde farkl\u0131 katmanlar veya bantlar olu\u015fturan ferrit ve sementit kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6stenit\u2019in hava ile so\u011futulmas\u0131 ile \u00fcretilir.<\/p>\n

Fiziksel \u00f6zellikler: <\/strong>Bir metal veya ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, yap\u0131ya nispeten duyars\u0131z olan ve kuvvet uygulanmadan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen \u00f6zellikleri. \u00d6rne\u011fin yo\u011funluk, elektriksel iletkenlik, termal genle\u015fme katsay\u0131s\u0131, manyetik ge\u00e7irgenlik ve kafes parametresi. Kimyasal reaktivite i\u00e7ermez. Mekanik \u00f6zelliklerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ukurla\u015fma<\/strong> Bir nokta veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alanla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, bo\u015fluk \u015feklini alan metal bir y\u00fczeyin lokal korozyonu.<\/p>\n

PM, toz metal\u00fcrjisi:<\/strong> Kat\u0131 metaller olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in metalik par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0131s\u0131 ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 kombinasyonlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flemler.<\/p>\n

Rockwell sertli\u011fi:<\/strong> Malzeme sertli\u011fini belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6l\u00e7ekler. Rockwell C, A ve D \u00f6l\u00e7ekleri metal sertli\u011fini \u00f6l\u00e7er. Rockwell C veya RC \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi ve Brinell sertlik (Bhn) \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi en s\u0131k kesici tak\u0131mlar ve i\u015fleme ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kesme mukavemeti:<\/strong> Enine kesit d\u00fczleminde k\u0131r\u0131lma meydana getirmek i\u00e7in gereken stres, y\u00fckleme ko\u015fullar\u0131, yollar\u0131 belirli bir minimum miktarda dengelenmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kuvvet ve diren\u00e7 y\u00f6nleri paralel ve z\u0131t olacak \u015fekildedir. Makasla ayr\u0131lan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn orijinal enine kesit alan\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnen maksimum y\u00fck.<\/p>\n

Sinterleme:<\/strong> Malzemedeki herhangi bir bile\u015fenin erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda molek\u00fcler veya atomik \u00e7ekim ile bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k k\u00fctlesindeki biti\u015fik y\u00fczeylerin ba\u011flanmas\u0131. Sinterleme, bir toz k\u00fctlesinin yo\u011funlu\u011funu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir, art\u0131r\u0131r ve toz metalleri yeniden kristalle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7elik:<\/strong> Temel olarak saf demirin karbon ve di\u011fer elementlerle birle\u015fimidir. \u0130ki t\u00fcr \u00e7elik vard\u0131r: karbon \u00e7eli\u011fi veya demir ve karbon birle\u015fimi ve karbon \u00e7eli\u011fi art\u0131 manganez, molibden, krom, nikel veya di\u011fer ala\u015f\u0131m elementlerinden olu\u015fan ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik. Bir \u00e7eli\u011fin kalitesi, nas\u0131l rafine edildi\u011fine ve \u00fcretildi\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Bak\u0131n\u0131z: ala\u015f\u0131m, ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik, ala\u015f\u0131m elementi, karbon \u00e7elik.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c7elik tan\u0131mlama numaras\u0131:<\/strong> \u00c7eli\u011fi tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in AISI (Amerikan Demir ve \u00c7elik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc) ve SAE (Otomotiv M\u00fchendisleri Derne\u011fi) taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen bir say\u0131 sistemi. Koddaki ilk iki hane, aileyi ve temel ala\u015f\u0131m elementlerini g\u00f6sterir. Son iki hane, yakla\u015f\u0131k karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fini y\u00fczdenin y\u00fczde biri olarak g\u00f6sterir. %1.00’in \u00fczerinde karbon i\u00e7eri\u011fine sahip \u00e7elikler i\u00e7in be\u015f basamak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. L veya S eklenmi\u015f say\u0131lar, daha iyi i\u015flenebilirlik i\u00e7in kur\u015fun veya k\u00fck\u00fcrt i\u00e7eren ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fi, karbon tak\u0131m \u00e7eli\u011fi, y\u00fcksek h\u0131z \u00e7eli\u011fi, kal\u0131p \u00e7eli\u011fi, paslanmaz \u00e7elik, gerinimle sertle\u015ftirilebilir veya i\u015flenerek sertle\u015ftirilebilir \u00e7elik ve nikel bazl\u0131 s\u00fcper ala\u015f\u0131mlar dahil olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 kodlar alt\u0131nda bir dizi \u00e7elik ve ala\u015f\u0131m tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gerilme:<\/strong> Birim alan ba\u015f\u0131na kuvvet, genellikle bir d\u00fczlem i\u00e7indeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alan boyunca hareket eden kuvvet olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. S\u0131ras\u0131yla normal gerilme ve kayma gerilmesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan normal ve d\u00fczleme paralel bile\u015fenlere ayr\u0131labilir. Ger\u00e7ek stres, kuvvet ve alan\u0131n ayn\u0131 anda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc stresi ifade eder. \u00c7ekme ve basma testlerinde uygulanan geleneksel gerilim, orijinal alana b\u00f6l\u00fcnen kuvvettir. Nominal gerilim, basit esneklik form\u00fclleri ile hesaplanan, gerilim y\u00fckselticileri ve plastik ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden gerilimdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir \u00e7entik b\u00fckme testinde b\u00fck\u00fclme momentinin minimum kesit mod\u00fcl\u00fcne b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ekme mukavemeti:<\/strong> \u00c7ekme testinde; maksimum y\u00fck\u00fcn orijinal kesit alan\u0131na oran\u0131. Nihai g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Akma mukavemeti ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Tak\u0131m \u00c7eli\u011fi:<\/strong> Tak\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan karbon ve ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndan herhangi biri. Tak\u0131m \u00e7elikleri, genellikle y\u00fcksek tokluk ve y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda yumu\u015famaya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 ile birlikte y\u00fcksek sertlik ve a\u015f\u0131nma direnci ile karakterize edilir. Bu nitelikler genellikle y\u00fcksek karbon ve ala\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7erikleri ile elde edilir.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131nma direnci:<\/strong> Tak\u0131m\u0131n kesme s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na neden olan gerilimlere dayanma yetene\u011fi; ala\u015f\u0131m bile\u015fimine, ana malzemeye, termal ko\u015fullara, alet ve operasyon tipine ve di\u011fer de\u011fi\u015fkenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 bir niteliktir.<\/p>\n

Akma noktas\u0131:<\/strong> Bir malzemedeki, gerilimde bir art\u0131\u015f olmaks\u0131z\u0131n gerinimdeki bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fi, genellikle elde edilebilecek maksimum gerilimden daha az olan ilk gerilim. Sadece belirli metaller bir akma noktas\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Akma sonras\u0131 gerilimde bir azalma varsa, \u00fcst ve alt akma noktalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Akma mukavemeti:<\/strong> Bir malzemenin gerilme ve gerinim orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan belirli bir sapma g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gerilme. Bir\u00e7ok metal i\u00e7in y\u00fczde 0,2’lik bir ofset kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ekme mukavemeti ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[136],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-muhendisin-el-kitabi"],"yoast_head":"\n6- Metaller ve Ala\u015f\u0131mlar S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc - Ata Teknik<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"6- Metaller ve Ala\u015f\u0131mlar S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hakk\u0131nda Detayl\u0131 Bilgi i\u00e7in Hemen \u0130ncele!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"6- Metaller ve Ala\u015f\u0131mlar S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc - 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